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| c. 1150 |
| | | In feudal France and Germany Charlemagne is by now venerated as a saint | |
|  | Reliquary head of Charlemagne
Fotofile CG
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| 1152 |
| | | Frederick Barbarossa becomes king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, greatly extending the power of the empire during a long reign | |
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| 1197 |
| | | The three-year old Frederick II has a claim to the thrones of both Sicily and Germany on the death of his father, the emperor Henry VI | |
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| 1220 |
| | | Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman emperor by a somewhat reluctant pope, Honorius III | |
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| 1254 |
| | | The death of the last Hohenstaufen ruler, Conrad IV, leaves a vacancy on the German throne which is not filled for nineteen years | |
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| 1260 |
| | | The Bohemian prince Otakar II, ruler also of Austria, extends his territories after defeating the Hungarians at Kressenbrunn | |
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| 1273 |
| | | The period without a German king, known as the Great Interregnum, ends with the election of a Habsburg prince, Rudolf I | |
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| 1278 |
| | | At Dürnkrut Rudolf I defeats and kills Otakar II, his rival for Austria - thus bringing the Austrian territories into the Habsburg domain | |
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| 1346 |
| | | Charles IV, king of Bohemia, German king and Holy Roman emperor, makes Prague a glittering centre of learning and architecture | |
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| 1356 |
| | | Charles IV establishes a permanent group of seven electors - four hereditary German rulers and the archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier | |
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